底層展覽室 Basement Exhibition Rooms
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主題 一) 手術室儀器和麻醉機 二) 中國記載之麻醉術 三) 舊牙科臨床椅 四) 香港發明的脊柱牽拉矯形器 五) 牙科醫學在香港的發展 六) 天花 七) 中國及全球性接種疫苗；舊病理檢驗所之疫苗製造 i) Operating theatre equipment and Anaesthetic machine ii) Anaesthesia in Chinese records iii) Halo-Pelvic distraction apparatus - a Hong Kong invention iv) Development of dentistry in Hong Kong v) The conquest of smallpox - east-west collaboration vi) Vaccination in ancient China and worldwide vii) Vaccine production in the Old Pathological Institute |
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內 容
香港自1842年開埠以後，商賈紛至踏來，人口增長，牙科服務需求漸多。此現象尤以1949年的中國大陸移民潮過後明顯增加，為加強日漸發展的牙醫同業的溝通，從而給公眾提供更優質的服務，香港牙醫學會隨即在1950年成立。
近廿年來香港牙科的非凡業績，在全球的牙科領域上扮演一重要角色，廿一世紀初葉，香港大學牙醫學院，政府牙醫服務處及香港牙科學會的共同努力已令本港牙科制度、專業人材、資源、服務項目、服務層面及其成本效益等各方面達至世界先進國家中的前列水平。
天花病的起源難於稽考，但初期發生可追塑至三千年前。極少國家能避免此病患的蹂躝，此症發病死亡率極高，生存者多被毀容甚至失明。其令人懼怕及震驚的程度比鼠疫尤甚。
中國人在十世紀時代已曉得施行利用天花患者的病毒來接種的人痘 接種法。這方法流傳至亞洲各國及中歐。十八世紀土耳其人痘接種 法被廣泛地應用，其改良方法在英國和歐陸普遍被接受。1796年琴納氏發明牛痘接種法，此法於1805年傳至中國。其後全球性大規模的牛痘免疫接種。結果於1979年撲滅所有天花病。這是東西醫學共同合作撲滅天花的一個好例子。
舊病理檢驗所是本港於1946年至1972年唯一製造疫苗的中心。下列 是在舊病理檢驗所製造牛痘疫苗的步驟：
一)增加牛痘品種之效能，首先將其接種於白兔皮上 二)水牛之準備 - 檢疫 三)剃毛及清潔皮膚 四)接種 五)培養期 六)收獲 七)疫苗之製造 八)品質試驗 九)效能試驗 十)製成產品 |
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Content
After Hong Kong became a British Colony in 1842, the population grew rapidly. The large influx of emigrants from Mainland China after 1949 further aggravated the post-war demographic changes. This in turn created the need for more dental services. In order to better serve the community and to improve communications within the growing profession, the Hong Kong Dental Society was founded.
The remarkable developments within the dental profession in the last two decades has enabled Hong Kong to play an increasingly important role in the arena of world dentistry. By the early 21st century the joint effort of the Faculty of Dentistry, HKU, the Government Dental Service and Hong Kong Dental Association, will see Hong Kong's dental care in terms of professional manpower, provision of services, scope of coverage as well as its cost effectiveness ranked among the top tier of oral health care systems in the advanced developed societies in the world.
Where smallpox originated is not known, but its initial occurrence could be dated back some three thousand years ago. Few countries escaped being affected by smallpox and motality was extremely high. Survivors were left with disfigurement and perhaps blindness. In many respects, it was even more loathsome and fearful than plague.
Inoculation against smallpox using material from smallpox patients (variolation) was probably first practiced by the Chinese in the 10th century. This Chinese method was imported to central Europe as well as other Asian countries. In the 18th century, the Turkish method of variolation became popular, its subsequent modifications became widely accepted in England and Continental Europe. This was followed by the development of cowpox vaccination by Jenner, 1796 and the subsequent introduction to China in 1805. The implementation of large scale vaccination resulted in the global eradication of smallpox in 1979. This is a good example of 'East & West' collaboration resulting in the conquest of smallpox.
The Old Pathological Institute was the only centre for the production of vaccine in Hong Kong, dated from 1946 to 1972. The following were the steps in production of Glycerolated Smallpox vaccine at the Old Pathological Institute : i) to increase potency of virus seed (passage of vaccina virus seed on white rabbit skin) ; ii) preparation of buffalo calves (quarantine) ; iii) shaving and cleansing of skin ; iv) vaccination ; v) incubation period ; vi) harvest ; vii) preparation of vaccine ; viii) quality control test ; ix) potency test ; x) final product
展覽摘要
一) 脊柱牽拉矯形器是一件本港發明的矯正脊骨僵硬畸形器具，用安全控制方法施用於仍然保持清醒的病人身上。
二) 牙科臨床椅是早期香港政科服務臨床手術椅之一。
三) 吸力機-正常人用口呼吸也用口飲食，但食物從不入肺，空氣從不入胃，原因是由於體內的保護機能防止此類情況的發生。但在全身麻醉時，這種自主保護功能將減低。口水或胃中食物可能因此進入氣管而導至肺炎。吸力機可置於口腔中，抽出口中液體使其不致進入氣管，是麻醉時不可缺少的工具。
四) 麻醉機-因需調控麻醉氣體之輸入量，麻醉機需要不斷更新改良。展出的機器約造於1940年。其設備已能調整各種氣體的輸出量。它裝有流量計以控制氧氣，二氧化碳，環丙烷及一氧化氮的輸出量。且另有汽化器用以控制氯仿分量的比例。在此期間，氯仿在香港頗為通用。
五)牛隻接種檯、研碎機、牛痘疫苗製 造用之工具：多齒形痘刀、遞送長匙、蕭化臣攪拌器、製成品
六)製造牛痘疫苗：牛隻可領導至手 術檯前站立，用麻繩穿過檯身縛緊牛身，檯面可翻轉與地面平行，牛隻可 平靜地臥身於檯上，前足可縛於不銹 鋼圈，後足分左右縛於鋼圈及鋼架使 露出腹部以便於脫毛，洗灈，消毒及接種。
七) 圖片展出中國式人痘接種法，即將乾痂吹進病者鼻孔中。
八) 天花影響中國歷史，因清朝同治皇帝於1875年十八歲時病發於天花病，之後慈禧太后垂簾聽政數十年。
Highlights
i) Halo-pelvic Distraction Apparatus (a Hong Kong invention) - it is a device to correct severe and rigid spinal, deformation in a controlled and safe manner, with the patient awake.
ii) The dental chair is one of the chairs used in early days of the
Hong Kong Government Dental Service.
iii) Suction Machine - normal people use the mouth to breathe and to eat, however food doesn't go to the lungs and air doesn't go to the stomach. This is because protection reflexes at the entrance of the lungs prevent this. These reflexes are impaired during general anaesthesia and laryngeal secretions, and gastric contents can potentially enter the windpipe and cause pneumonia. Suction equipment is indispensable whenever anaesthesia is given.
iv) The Anaesthetic Machine - for better control of the delivery of inhalational anaesthetics, various apparatus were developed. This anaesthetic machine was made around 1940. The quantification of gaseous agents was already very well developed. Flowmeters for oxygen, carbon dioxide, cyclopropane and nitrous oxide were provided. It also has a vaporizer for chloroform which was a popular agent in Hong Kong at that time.
v) Calf Vaccinating Table, Triturator, Instruments for Smallpox Vaccine Production, Multiple Scarifier, Long Transferring Spoon, Silverson Omnimixer for Primary Homogenization, Final Product were used for smallpox vaccine production.
vi) In the process of Smallpox vaccine production, a buffalo calf was led to stand alongside the teak table top which had been hinged vertically. The calf was fastened manually on the table. The holes and grooves on the table top were devices to drain off the cleansing water. Once the animal was immobile, the table top was hinged upwards with the calf lying on it horizontally. The calf's right leg was then fastened to the curved, iron retort stand so that it's belly was completely exposed and ready for shaving, cleansing, disinfecting and eventually vaccinating by scarification.
vii) The photo shows the variolation of a child by using Chinese method, i.e. by blowing dry powder made from scabs into the nostrils of the patient.
viii) Smallpox had also affected the course of Chinese history. For instance, it led to the death of emperor T'ung-Chi in 1875 AD, at the age of 18, and the assumption of power by Empress Dowager Ci-Xi.
訊息
跟著醫學科技的發達，很多醫療器材、服務、預防護理等跟昔日的迥然不同這是醫學界各方面共同努力的成就。
天花病於1979年全球性的煙滅根絕，今日兒童已不需接種牛痘，全球普偏接種牛痘是東西醫學合作的一個好例子。
Message
With the improvement of medical sciences, a lot of medical equipment, services, preventive care, ... etc. are completely different from those of the olden days. Such are the efforts made by different areas of medical field.
Children nowadays no need smallpox vaccination, since the global eradication of smallpox had been acomplished in 1979. The implementation of large scale vaccination is a good example of 'East & West' collaboration resulting in the conquest of smallpox.
